smenkhkare and tutankhamun

Tutankhamun was nine years of age when he ascended to the throne after the death of King Akhenaten’s coregent, Smenkhkare. The scenes in the tombs of Meryre II and Huya (located in the Amarna Northern tombs necropolis) depicting the “reception of foreign tribute” are the last clear view of the Amarna period. Smenkhkare, (flourished 14th century bce), king (reigned 1335–32 bce) of the 18th dynasty (1539–1292 bce) of ancient Egypt, probably in coregency with Akhenaton, his predecessor, for most of the period.Smenkhkare’s origin and identity remain among the unresolved issues of the Amarna period. Many encyclopedic sources and atlases will show Smenkhkare succeeding Akhenaten on the basis of tradition dating back to 1845, and some still conflate Smenkhkare with Neferneferuaten. To complicate matters further, a male successor (and possible co-regent of Akhenaten) with the name Ankhkheperure Djeser Kheperu Smenkhkare (“Holy of Manifestations, Strength is the Soul of Re”) appeared. It is probable that he was the son of *Amenophis III, either by Queen *Tiye, or by Sitamun, or another minor wife, and the medical examination of the body found in Tomb 55 at Thebes (now attributed to Smenkhkare) has indicated that he was probably a full brother of *Tutankhamun and that he died around the age of twenty. In particular, the fact that the Hittites recorded that he was assassinated when he went to Egypt in response to the letter from the widow, and many suggest it was Tutankhamun’s widow (Ankhesenamun/Ankhesenpaaten) who wrote the Letter to Suppiluliuma, king of the Hittites. Akhenaten). He apparently only reigned for about three years, and there is some evidence that he turned his back on the Aten and Akhetaten (the capital established by Akhenaten) and resumed worship of the old gods in Thebes. Giving worship to Amun, kissing the ground to Wenennefer by the lay priest, scribe of the divine offerings of Amun in the Mansion [temple] of Ankhkheperure in Thebes, Pawah, born to Yotefseneb.”. This preliminary report by Professor R. G. Harrison of the Department of Anatomy, University of Liverpool, and Dr A. Later, a different set of names emerged using the same throne name: “Ankhkheperure mery Neferkheperure [Akhenaten] Neferneferuaten mery Wa en Re [Akhenaten]”. After this date, the events at Amarna and their chronology become far less clear. Her body was probably taken from here round into the West Valley to join her husband, Amenhotep III, in KV 22 (p. 119). Uber den Empfindlichkeitsgrad der Blütkörperchen gegenüber Isohamagglutininen im Fotätteben und im Kindersalter beim Menschen, Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavtca, VII, 146. Smenkhare may also have been married to Ankhesenamun (Ankhesenpaaten) the third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, but it was the elder sister, Merytaten, who was his chief wife. The cartouches on the coffin had all been deliberately hacked out, literally to deny the occupant access to the next world because loss of name was a terrible thing. It has been suggested that the canopic lids are portraits of Kiya, a hitherto obscure junior queen of Akhenaten. The cartouches, it was suggested, had been hacked out because the perpetrators believed that the occupant was the hated Akhenaten (his could have been the third body in the tomb at the time). Few facts are known of Smenkhkare or his brief reign. Since neither Smenkhkare nor Tutankhamun was featured in artwork and texts from Akhenaten's reign the way Akhenaten's and Nefertiti's daughters were, it seems unlikely that they were children of Akhenaten by Nefertiti herself. Image: wikipedia. Tutankhamun is named the next pharaoh and Ankhesenamun and Tutankhamun are then married. Today, new evidence of Tutankhamun's reign has emerged that shows he was much more active than was thought, and may have led military campaigns against the Sy… The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Lord of the Two Lands Ankhkheperure Beloved of Aten, the Son of Re Neferneferuaten Beloved of Waenre. Two closely similar, yet distinct sets of names, appear in the records available for the late Amarna period. But other items, including numerous throwsticks (sort of non-returning boomerangs), spears, bows and arrows, and chariots--many inscribed with his name and clearly used--attest his athleticism and youthful energy. James Allen assumes that Nefertiti died, and her daughter became known as King Neferneferuaten (more specifically as Neferneferuaten-tasherit “Neferneferuaten the younger”). Smenkhare. Yet, if Smenkhare reigned after Neferneferuaten, why are there references to his rule after year 15? This name was written as “Amen-tut-ankh” because of the tradition of honorific transposition (where the name of a god is written first out of respect). Photo: Andreas Praefcke – Self-photographed This limestone relief of a royal couple in the Amarna style have variously been attributed as Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Smenkhkare and Meritaten, or Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun. In fact one of the most famous images of Tutankhamun, from his middle coffin, is now generally considered to show the face of Smenkhare with Tutankhamun’s name crudely inscribed over that of the original owner. These are: Both these sets are written in two cartouches. The inscription originally bore the single cartouche of Nefertiti, which was erased along with a reference to Meritaten to make room for the double cartouche of King Neferneferuaten. Around the same time a new co-regent is first attested. Clearly, there is still much to be learned about the succession of rulers following Akhenaten’s demise. NOTE: These settings will only apply to the browser and device you are currently using. The theory used to suggest he first acted as Akhenaten’s co-regent under the name Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten and, after the death of Akhenaten, succeeded him under the name Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare. The events depicted in the tomb of Meryre II are dated to the second month of Akhenaten’s regnal year 12. Amenophis III was most probably the sire of … His names translate as ‘Living are the Forms of Re’ and ‘Vigorous is the Soul of Re – Holy of Forms’. They seek to identify this individual as a female member of the royal family, Others, based on the feminine variation of the Neferneferuaten name on the one hand, and the identification of the body in KV55 as that of Smenkhkare (see below), see evidence for two distinct individuals, one female and the other male. He is to be distinguished from his immediate predecessor, the female ruler Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten (usually identified as Nefertiti). The names of the king have since been cut out but had been recorded by Lepsius circa 1850. Somewhat later, a calcite vase was found in the tomb of Tutankhamun which carries the full double cartouche of Akhenaten alongside the full double cartouche of Smenkhkare, confirming his position as co-regent. However, he later changed his name to Tutankhamun Heqaiunushema (“Living Image of Amun, ruler of Heliopolis of Upper Egypt“). Tutankhamun succeeded *Smenkhkare as ruler of Egypt when he was still a child of eight or nine years. © 2017 The Core Apps. To date, no objects other than a wine jar label and six royal seals bearing the names of Ankhkheprure Smenkhkare Djeserkheperu are known. Smenkhare (Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Djeser Kheperu) was a short-lived pharaoh of the late Eighteenth Dynasty who ruled in the aftermath of the Amarna Period, before Tutankhamun. Smenkhare (Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Djeser Kheperu) was a short-lived pharaoh of the late Eighteenth Dynasty who ruled in the aftermath of the Amarna Period, before Tutankhamun. His reign was during the Amarna Period, a time when Akhenaten sought to impose new religious views. History shows that they are married for approximately one to three years and then Smenkhkare also dies. At one time, it appears that there were three bodies in the tomb. A scene from the tomb of Meryre II, depicts pharaoh Smenkhkare and his Great Royal Wife Meritaten handing out tribute from the “window of appearances”. No conclusions can … throne was ascended by a virtually unknown ruler named Smenkhkare and, for a short period, by Akhenaten’s oldest daughter, Meritaten. Historically, Tuthmosis IV is considered to be between 40 and 50 years old at the time of his death, although X-ray evidence suggests an age of between 30 and 35 years. He further suggests that Neferneferuaten was the chosen successor of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare used the same prenomen to usurp her position. Subsequently, Nefertiti took over as co-regent as King Neferneferuaten (perhaps with abbreviated honors). Unfortunately, his birth name is not confirmed, but it has been suggested (notably by Gabolde) that he was Zannanza, the son of the Hittite King Suppiluliuma. King 1361 1352 BC. Akhenaten’s nominal successor was Smenkhkare, probably a younger brother of the king, but it appears that they may have died within months of each other. It starts with the name Smenkhkare Djeser Kheperu Ankh-Khepru-Ra which are in fact not one birth- and one throne name - but two throne names. More detailed forensic examination, however, now suggests that the body belonged to Smenkhkare, and serological examination (blood grouping) of tissue, as well as close skull measurement comparisons, indicate that the occupant was a brother, or possibly half-brother, of Tutankhamun – the entrance to whose tomb (KV 62) is a mere 15 yards (13.7 m) away across the Valley floor. The rich array of objects found in Tutankhamun's tomb speak to the opulence of the Egyptian court and the young king's pampered life. It seems that they hoped to remove the bodies of Queen Tiy and Smenkhkare from the contamination of association with the heretic king Akhenaten, but made a mistake and removed Akhenaten’s body instead. Many of the questions surrounding Akhenaten’s co-regent and successor revolve around the names attested for this individual (or individuals). Any unclear new male mummy from KV 62 thus should be genetically tested if he is a brother of suggested Akhenaton (Cairo Museum CG 61075) and a son of Amenhotep III (CG 61074); both would be indicative for Smenkhkare. ABDALLA, Kinship of Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun affi rmed by seriological micromethod, Nature 224, 1965, p. 325. The next successor was certainly Tutankhaten (later, Tutankhamun), at the age of 9, with the country perhaps being run by the chief vizier (and next Pharaoh), Ay. There is also an uninscribed limestone picture of an Amarna couple thought to be Smenkhare and Merytaten (although some claim it is Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun). Two sets of names ar… 8 Z. H AWASS , Tutankhamun and the Golden Age … Because of the presence of the feminine Ankhetkheperure Neferneferuaten, scholars have generally dropped the old view that there was only one, male individual involved. Indeed, Petrie makes exactly that distinction in his excavation notes of 1894. Interesting: here you can read a bit more about the kings Ay and Horemheb. As the temple was already established by the third regnal year of Neferneferuaten, this would support the suggestion that Smenkhare was on the throne before Neferneferuaten’s rule began. The identity of the Pharaoh whose praenomen is Ankhkheprure, who is usually known as Smenkhkare, is somewhat mysterious. Unlike Neferneferuaten, Smenkhkare did not use epithets in his royal name or cartouche. The book presents the various theories on the phantom-like Amarna-ruler Smenkhkare. Very little is known of Smenkhkare for certain because later kings, beginning with Horemheb, sought to erase the entire Amarna Period from history. Many images of the last four hereditary pharaohs of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty (1559 BC to 1319 BC), Amenophis III, Amenophis IV (also known as Akhenaten), Smenkhkare, and Tutankhamun, show them with gynecomastia. However, Allen has suggested that the epithets are missing because reference to Akhenaten would not be welcome in a temple dedicated to Amun. Only one named-depiction of Smenkhkare along with Meritaten (in the tomb of Meryre II) is known. They do not store any information about you other than that which is strictly required for navigation and function, and I have no aceess to any of the data. His or her identity and sex and rule are still unclear and debated. Some objects with the names of Ankhkheprure Neferneferuaten were reused in the burial of Tutankhamun (see below), and the female variant of these names appears on faience-ring bezels. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. For some time, experts could not agree whether Ankhkheperure Nefernefruaten and Ankhkheperure Djeser Kheperu Smenkhkare are the same person, or two distinct individuals. It will be accompanied by whatever of Smenkhkare’s funerary equipment was removed from Tomb 55, and that should include ushabti figures for Smenkhkare because, although examples are known for the rest of the royal family, not even a fragment of one survives bearing his name. It is in this late Amarna period that Akhenaten’s co-regent and probable immediate successor comes to the fore. They show the last appearance of the royal family as a whole (that is: Akhenaten and his chief-queen Nefertiti, together with their six daughters), which scholars have dated to their satisfaction. The latter three pharaohs died an untimely death — Akhenaten in his early-thirties, Smenkhkare in his mid-twenties and Tutankhamun in his mid-to late-teens; the causes of which we are still unsure. Smenkhare had two coronation names, not one coronation name and a birth name, as would usually be the case. This is rejected by those who believe that Nefertiti disappeared from the record after Year 13 because she had died. Four alabaster canopic jars with finely carved female heads wearing the characteristic court wig of the period were found in the tomb; they show evidence of having been adapted by the addition of a royal uiaeus to the brow which was subsequently broken off. Though badly damaged, partial inscriptions survive. Smenkhkare appears when Akhenaten entered year 14 of his reign and it is thought that during this time Meritaten married Smenkhkare. Some Egyptologists still claim that Smenkhare was actually Nefertiti (notably Nicholas Reeves), noting that there are no depictions of Nefertiti and Smenkhare together and he may have shared the name “Nefernefruaten” with both Nefertiti and her fourth daughter (Princess Nefernefruaten ta-Sherit). Smenkhkare, as the father of Tutankhamun, needed at least a three year reign to bring Tutankhamun to the right age to have inherited the throne. 410, now in the Petrie Museum. The book " Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation" by Aidan Dodson is a must for everyone interested in egyptian history, especially the end of the eighteenth dynasty.Easy to read, even I'm not speaking native english, this was my evening lecture. A great deal of controversy surrounds the question of Smenkhkare’s mummy and burial. He has been the object of much speculation by Egyptologists. Aldred, Cyril (1988) Akhenaten, King of Egypt, Bard, Kathryn (2008) An introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Dodson, Aidan (2009) Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation, Dodson, A and Hilton, D. (2004) The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Van Dijk, Jacobus (2000) “The Amarna Period and Later New Kingdom”, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Ed I. Shaw, Van De Mieroop, Marc (1999) A History of Ancient Egypt. Ancient Egyptian cemetery with 40 MUMMIES and a necklace saying ‘Happy New Year’ is found along with 1,000 statues in the Nile Valley, Ankhkheprure+epithet Neferneferuaten+epithet (sometimes transliterated as Nefernefruaten), To some scholars, the shared prenomen, function, and queen indicate that there is only one person associated with these different names. Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Djeser Kheperu (sometimes spelled Smenkhare, Smenkare or Smenkhkara) was a short-lived pharaoh in the late 18th dynasty. 1348-1345 BC) briefly ruled. PDF | The book presents the various theories on the phantom-like Amarna-ruler Smenkhkare. Virtually nothing is known about the politics of Akhenaten's co-regent/successor. The names of the king have since been cut out but thankfully the text was recorded by Lepsius. A cookie which helps me track how many visitors come to my site and what pages they look at. Akhenaten is generally assumed to have died in the late autumn of his 17th regnal year (after the bottling of wine in that year). The first set of names also sometimes appears in feminine form as “Ankhetkheprure Neferneferuaten” and sometimes the epithet for the nomen is then replaced by “beneficial to her husband”. The main argument against this is the box from Tutankhamun’s tomb listing Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten and Meritaten as three separate individuals. Potentially to be found individuals Pharaoh Smenkhkare The true identity (including sex and age-at-death) of Smenkhkare – a possible predecessor of Tutankhamun - is quite uncertain [7]. His name change seems to have occurred shortly before he abandoned Akhetaten (the city of Akhenaten) and returned to Thebes, reinstating the … Smenkhkare is little attested in texts, but in those that are extant he used th… These scenes are the first dated occurrence of the latter name-forms of the Aten. Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare (sometimes spelled Smenkhare and Smenkare; meaning "Strong is the Soul of Ra") was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, successor of the heretic Akhenaten, and predecessor of Tutankhamun. You may change your settings at any time. Shortly after his coronation, Tutankhamun was married to Ankhesenpaaton , Akhenaten’s third daughter and (probably) the eldest surviving princess of the royal family. More detailed forensic examination, however, now suggests that the body belonged to Smenkhkare, and serological examination (blood grouping) of tissue, as well as close skull measurement comparisons, indicate that the occupant was a brother, or possibly half-brother, of Tutankhamun – the entrance to whose tomb (KV 62) is a mere 15 yards (13.7 m) away across the Valley floor. The TT139 graffiti mentioned above refers to an active Amun-priesthood, practising in the temple of Ankhkheprure Neferneferuaten (possibly this individual's mortuary temple). Both Dodson and Allen’s theories would seem to be defeated by the discovery of an inscription dated to year 16 of Akhenaten’s reign confirming that Nefertiti was alive and still his consort (but not co-regent). Ankhkheperure Nefernefruaten is sometimes spelled in the feminine form (Ankh-et-kheperure Nefernefruaten), so it was proposed by some that this co-regent was a woman (either Nefertiti or Merytaten). This was thought possibly to have been Merytaten, Smenkhkare’s wife, or now, Kiya. Since Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun and Ay are excluded as "uncanonical", it would be reasonable to assume that the Libyan and Ethiopian kings would similarly be omitted from the Abydos and Saqqara king lists had they intervened. The name of the king has no additional epithets, so following Allen’s distinction is most likely to be Smenkhare. All rights reserved. Some argue that Smenkhkare was too old to be Akhenaten’s son, and as Kiya was married to Amenhotep III before she married his son Akhenaten, it is also possible that Smenkhare was the son of Kiya and Amenhotep III. Tutankhamun is believed to be a younger brother of Smenkhkare and a son of Akhenaten. This image is commonly taken to be Smenkhkare and Meritaten, though it may be Tutankhaten and Ankhesenpaaten. Cookies that are necessary to enable my site to function. Aidan Dodson has proposed that Smenkhkare had a brief co-regency from year 13 of Akhenaten’s reign, as suggested by a wine docket stating “Year 1, wine of the house of Smenkhkare” and another labelled “The House of Smenkhkare (deceased)”. Smenkhkare’s two-year reign was in reality a coregency during the last years of Akhenaten’s life. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Although both are still children, Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun go on to … It is also possible that Smenkhare was not a member of the Egyptian Royal Family, but a member of another Royal line. So, if the body in KV 55 is Akhenaten rather than Smenkhare, where is the tomb of Smenkhare? Arguments have raged ever since over the identity of the occupant of the rishi-type coffin, because the cartouches on it had all been hacked out. Because this scene had a double role: (1) to acknowledge that, on Nefertiti/Smenkhkare's passing, Tutankhamun had dutifully provided for her formal burial; and (2) to demonstrate, before the gods, the quid pro quo to which this act had entitled the young king -namely, the formal legitimation of his own successionsomething only a predecessor had the power to bestow.What might additionally be … It is only with the accession of Tutankhamun, and the restoration early in this king’s reign, that events appear to become clear again. Nefertiti disappears from view somewhat earlier (around regnal year 14); the reasons for this are unclear and under scholarly debate (see below). This site uses functional cookies and external scripts to improve your experience. The first reference to the male Smenkhkare was found in the tomb of Meryre II.

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