After the Meiji Restoration, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Meiji period political life. While studying in Europe as a young man, Itō became convinced of the need for Japan to abandon its insularity and modernize. Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) Retrieved April 09, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hirobumi-ito. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. He resisted demands from Tokyo for annexation but at the same time attempted to suppress separatist movements within Korea. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Meiji-Restoration, Lehigh University - The Meiji Restoration: Roots of Modern Japan, The abolition of the feudal system and all feudal class privileges, The construction of transport and communication systems. The new Meiji government made it compulsory for everyone to choose a surname, using only authorised kanji (Chinese characters). Itō Hirobumi : Japan's first prime minister and father of the Meiji Constitution. A short sketch of his life is in James A. (April 9, 2021). Only the nobles, samurai and some merchants and artisans did. The shogunate's meek accession to Western demands precipitated a nationalistic reaction, the overthrow of the bakufu, and the restoration of the governing power to the emperor. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). However, the date of retrieval is often important. As the primary author of constitutional government, Ito was the most strongly committed of the late Meiji oligarchs to making his experiment work. The first action, taken in 1868 while the country was still unsettled, was to relocate the imperial capital from Kyōto to the shogunal capital of Edo, which was renamed Tokyo (“eastern capital”). The emperor, though nominally Japan's ruler, had little influence on the government. It included Great Britain to loose all of their extraterritorial rights in Japan, for it portrayed Japan to be a country to not have a strong and enforcing government. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The latter concern had its origins in the efforts by Western powers to “open” Japan, beginning in the 1850s after more than two centuries of near isolation, and the fear that Japan could be subjected to the same imperialist pressures that they observed happening in nearby China. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Itō Hirobumi, one of the principal authors of the Meiji constitution, intended the new kazoku peerage to serve as a political and social bulwark for the "restored" emperor and the Japanese imperial institution. The emperor was entrusted with most of the legal powers of the state, and the Cabinet was given most effective powers of decision over national policy. Shunsuke) was a Japanese statesman and genr?. 2021 . In foreign affairs Ito favored a policy of diplomatic caution backed by military strength. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. B. Scherer, Three Meiji Leaders: Ito, Togo, Nogi (1936). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). NOOK Book (eBook) $ 49.99 $56.95 Save 12% Current price is $49.99, Original price is $56.95. Hamada, Kengi, Prince Ito. Those uprisings were repressed only with great difficulty by the newly formed army. Itō Hirobumi war der adoptierte Sohn eines Samurai aus dem Fürstentum Chōshū in der heutigen Präfektur Yamaguchi.Er besuchte 1858 die Privatschule Shōkasonjuku in Hagi und wurde durch deren Lehrer Yoshida Shōin schnell ein Anhänger der Restauration der Macht des Tennō.. Erster Kontakt mit dem Westen. The administrative reorganization had been largely accomplished by 1871, when the domains were officially abolished and replaced by a prefecture system that has remained in place to the present day. "Ito, Hirobumi The Meiji Restoration ... (Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Takayoshi). He feared the effects of a more aggressive policy on the attitude of the foreign powers toward the question of treaty revision. Itō Hirobumi was a history changing prime minister of Japan whose efforts directly resulted in the personal union between Japan and Korea. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. * * * Japanese oligarchy. On Oct. 26, 1909, he was assassinated in Harbin Station by three bullets from the gun of a young Korean nationalist. This reflected their belief in the more traditional practice of imperial rule, whereby the Emperor of Japan serves solely as the spiritual authority of the nation and his ministers govern the nation in his name. He also helped to promote the Satsuma-Choshu alliance, which led to the Meiji restoration of 1868. Itō, Hirobumi (1841–1909) The preeminent Japanese statesman of the Meiji period, Hirobumi Itō served as prime minister on four occasions (1885–1888, 1892–1896, 1898, 1900–1901). As one of the younger members of the new imperial government, Ito had a hand in a wide variety of reforms, including the establishment of a decimal system of currency, the building of a mint at Osaka, the establishment of a banking system, and the building of an internal communication system of telegraphs, railroads, and light-houses. As the heir of a noble family, Saionji participated in politics from an early age and was known for his brilliant talent. "Hirobumi Ito This is a list of Prime Ministers of Japan, including those of the Empire of Japan, from when the first Japanese prime minister (in the modern sense), Itō Hirobumi, took office in 1885, until the present day. During the next decade Ito became the most powerful and influential leader in the government. ." The three major sources of Western music in Japan were the church, the schools, and the military.…. Responding to those pressures, the government issued a statement in 1881 promising a constitution by 1890. . died Oct. 26, 1909, Harbin, Manchuria, China. Those precepts were codified in 1890 with the enactment of the Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyōiku Chokugo). Itō Hirobumi, Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier (1885–88, 1892–96, 1898, 1900–01), who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. Hirobumi Ito was born the son of a peasant named Juzo Hayashi on Sept. 2, 1841, in Tokamura, a village in the Choshu domain in western Honshu. Yoshinobu mounted a brief civil war that ended with his surrender to imperial forces in June 1869. One of the “Meiji Six” was the man originally named Hayashi Risuke (林利助, October 16, 1841–October 26, 1909), from the then-dissident Choshu Domain, became Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文) as his line—he and his father—were adopted by Mizui Buhei who was in turn adopted by Itō Yaemon. Prince Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909, born as Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth as Itō Shunsuke) 1863 erhielt er den gesellschaftlichen Rang eines Samurai. The same tendency prevailed in art and literature, where Western styles were first imitated, and then a more-selective blending of Western and Japanese tastes was achieved. Questions and answers about the Meiji Restoration. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō became a powerful intellectual and political force behind reforms of Japanese laws and institutions aimed to shape a modern government based on informed leadership and a knowledeable populace. Ito studied at the private academy of Shoin Yoshida, a fierce advocate of loyalty to the emperor and a critic of the weak response of the bakufuto the West. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). Publication Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2014. Mutsuhito (also known as Meiji Tenno; 1852-1912) was a Japanese emperor, who became the symbol for, and encouraged, the dramatic…, Meiji restoration, The term refers to both the events of 1868 that led to the "restoration" of power to the emperor and the entire period of revoluti…, The Japanese statesman Tomomi Iwakura (1825-1883) played a key role in bringing about the Meiji restoration of 1868 and is best known as the leader o…, Shigenobu Okuma He supervised the preparation of laws establishing a new peerage in 1884, a modern cabinet system in 1885, an imperial household ministry in 1886, and a privy council in 1888. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Along with Itō Hirobumi, Yamao Yōzō established the Ministry of Public Works following the indications of Edmund Morel, who was chief engineer in charge of Japan’s railroad development. Members of the ruling samurai class had become concerned about the shogunate’s ability to protect the country as more Western countries attempted to “open” Japan after more than two hundred years of virtual isolation. World Encyclopedia. Itō collaborated with other reformists in Chōshū to reorganise the domain and forge an alliance with Satsuma, the other leading domain in the movement against the Tokugawa shogunate. Encyclopedia of World Biography. "Ito, Hirobumi In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The Meiji Restoration ... (Itō Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Takayoshi). While studying in Europe as a young man, Itō became convinced of the need for… The Meiji Restoration was a coup d’état that resulted in the dissolution of Japan’s feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system. ." Ito Hirobumi’s early career Itō is also famous for being the person who had chosen the commission which made the Meiji Constitution. By 1894, however, after his foreign minister, Mutsu Munemitsu, had successfully negotiated treaty revisions with the British, Ito as premier led his country into a war with China, which resulted in the acquisition of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores as Japanese colonies. Itō Hirobumi. Disgruntled samurai participated in several rebellions against the government, the most famous being led by the former restoration hero Saigō Takamori of Satsuma. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. He was instrumental in building a mode…, Hirsch, E.D., Jr. 1928- (Eric Donald Hirsch, Jr.), https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hirobumi-ito, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ito-hirobumi, Law, Colonial Systems of, Japanese Empire, Japanese Voters Seek Change as their Economy Deteriorates: New Prime Minister Vows to Break Political Logjam, Politics and Religion: Politics and Japanese Religions. Responsibility Takii Kazuhiro ; translated by Takechi Manabu ; edited by Patricia Murray. Prince Itō Hirobumi was a Japanese statesman and genrō. He played a minor role in the Meiji Restoration, through which he came in contact with Kido Takayoshi and Ōkubo Toshimichi. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. He, therefore, became one of the leaders of the Chōshū and Satsuma rebellion that eventually led to the Meiji Restoration. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Finally in 1889 the Meiji Constitution, presented as a gift from the emperor to the people, was officially promulgated. Ito's main achievement was to supervise the drafting of a constitution, which began in 1886 and was finally completed in 1889. Drafted by Itō Hirobumi, a group of other government leaders, and several Western legal scholars, the document was bestowed on the Japanese people by the Emperor Meiji and established Japan as a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (called the Diet), the lower house of … Ito soon realized that crude antiforeign acts were not a ratio… Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867)—and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the emperor Meiji). At the time, the vast majority of the population were peasants. . Founded on September 15, 1900, by Itō Hirobumi, the Seiyūkai was a pro-government alliance of bureaucrats and former members of the Kenseitō. Itō wis assassinatit bi Korean naitionalist An Jung-geun. The greatest undertaking of Ito's career began in March 1882, when he departed for Europe to study constitutional systems. His father Hayashi Jūzō was the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of Itō Yaemon's family, a lower-ranked samurai from Hagi in Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).Mizui Buhei was renamed Itō Naoemon. A moderate in temperament and political outlook, he aimed at setting up careful checks and balances which would restrain the rasher elements in the political public and yet permit gradual evolution and progress. The war also detached Korea from Chinese influence but left it a target of international rivalry between Japan and Russia. Hirobumi Ito >Hirobumi Ito (1841-1909) was a Japanese statesman and one of the younger >leaders of the Meiji government. Ito rushed back to Japan in a vain attempt to mediate the dispute and to dissuade the Choshu leadership from foolish attempts to defy the foreigners. In addition, the new government carried out policies to unify the monetary and tax systems, with the agricultural tax reform of 1873 providing its primary source of revenue. Also in 1871 a national army was formed, which was further strengthened two years later by a universal conscription law. Telegraph lines linked all major cities by 1880. In 1878 Ito became minister of home affairs and, together with Shigenobu Okuma, one of the leading younger men in the government. Itō Hirobumi was a Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier, who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. Before the Meiji Restoration, most Japanese people did not have a family name. The reforms enacted during the Meiji emperor’s rule brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country and paved the way for Japan to become a major international power. The idea of making Japan a constitutional monarchy came to him on this trip. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. ." The Three Great Nobles of the Restoration (維新の三傑, Ishin no Sanketsu, lit. Updates? Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. At the same time, a growing popular rights movement, encouraged by the introduction of liberal Western ideas, called for the creation of a constitutional government and wider participation through deliberative assemblies. Encyclopedia.com. □. In 1885 a cabinet system was formed, and in 1886 work on the constitution began. In 1859 he went to the capital, Edo (modern Tokyo), where he came into contact with many other young samurai loyalists and participated in such antiforeign demonstrations as an incendiary attack on the British legation. During the 1870s and 1880s he favored compromise with China with respect to the Korea problem. He helped the restoration of Japan in his time through Meiji Restoration. The only English-language biography of Ito is Kengi Hamada, Prince Ito (1936).
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